See cumung on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"word": "cúng"
},
{
"lang": "Manx",
"lang_code": "gv",
"word": "coon"
},
{
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"lang_code": "gd",
"word": "cumhang"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Irish",
"lang_code": "mga",
"word": "cumang"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*komangus",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/komangus"
],
[
"cyfyng",
"cyfyng#Welsh"
],
[
"*ḱóm",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱóm"
],
[
"*h₂enǵʰ-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂enǵʰ-"
]
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂enǵʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*komangus"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *komangus",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cyfyng"
},
"expansion": "Welsh cyfyng",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ḱóm",
"4": "",
"5": "beside, near, by, with"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“beside, near, by, with”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Celtic *komangus (compare Welsh cyfyng), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“beside, near, by, with”) + *h₂enǵʰ- (“tight, painfully constricted”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sga-decl-adj-u",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "u-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "cumung",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumung",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumung",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumung",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "cumung",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "cumung",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "cumung",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumuing",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumung",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumuing",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumgae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumuing",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumung",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumuing",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumung",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumgai",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cumgai",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"feminine",
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumgai",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "cumgai",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"feminine",
"neuter",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "cumgai",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cumgai",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"feminine",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumgaib",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "cumgaib",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "adjective",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"head": "",
"var": ""
},
"expansion": "cumung",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cumung",
"name": "sga-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cumuing",
"2": "cumga"
},
"name": "sga-decl-adj-u"
},
{
"args": {
"acc_f_sg": "cumuing",
"acc_m_pl": "cumgai",
"acc_m_sg": "cumung",
"dat_f_sg": "cumuing",
"dat_m_sg": "cumung",
"dat_n_sg": "cumung",
"dat_pl": "cumgaib",
"gen_f_sg": "cumgae",
"gen_m_sg": "cumuing",
"gen_n_sg": "cumuing",
"gen_pl": "*",
"info": "u-stem",
"nom_f_sg": "cumung",
"nom_fn_pl": "cumgai",
"nom_m_pl": "cumgai",
"nom_m_sg": "cumung",
"nom_n_sg": "cumung",
"notes": "*not attested in Old Irish; same as nominative singular masculine in Middle Irish",
"voc_m_pl": "cumgai",
"voc_m_sg": "cumung"
},
"name": "sga-decl-adj-table"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "76 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Irish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "68 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "86 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
7,
13
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
8,
19
]
],
"english": "You are constrained, however, in receiving those teachings.",
"text": ".i. is cumung fuirib-si immurgu occa nairitin na forcetal-sin.",
"translation": "You are constrained, however, in receiving those teachings.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
22,
29
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
14,
25
]
],
"english": "compressed or constricted (glossing Latin fixis)",
"text": ".i. tim[m]thastaib nó cumcaib",
"translation": "compressed or constricted (glossing Latin fixis)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"narrow, constricted, close, compressed, restricted, constrained"
],
"id": "en-cumung-sga-adj-StHuXaWN",
"links": [
[
"narrow",
"narrow"
],
[
"constricted",
"constricted"
],
[
"close",
"close"
],
[
"compressed",
"compressed"
],
[
"restricted",
"restricted"
],
[
"constrained",
"constrained"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈku.β̃uŋɡ/"
},
{
"note": "Blasse",
"other": "[ˈku.β̃uŋɡ]"
},
{
"note": "Griffith",
"other": "[ˈku.β̃øŋɡ]"
}
],
"word": "cumung"
}
{
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"name": "nonlemma"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sga-mutation",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cumung",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"mutation",
"mutation-radical"
]
},
{
"form": "chumung",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"lenition",
"mutation"
]
},
{
"form": "cumung",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"mutation"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "noun form"
},
"expansion": "cumung",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "sga-mutation"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "cumang"
}
],
"glosses": [
"dative singular of cumang"
],
"id": "en-cumung-sga-noun-OR50ic7m",
"links": [
[
"cumang",
"cumang#Old_Irish"
]
],
"tags": [
"dative",
"form-of",
"singular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈku.β̃uŋɡ/"
},
{
"note": "Blasse",
"other": "[ˈku.β̃uŋɡ]"
},
{
"note": "Griffith",
"other": "[ˈku.β̃øŋɡ]"
}
],
"word": "cumung"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old Irish adjectives",
"Old Irish entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Irish lemmas",
"Old Irish non-lemma forms",
"Old Irish noun forms",
"Old Irish terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Old Irish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old Irish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂enǵʰ-",
"Old Irish terms inherited from Proto-Celtic",
"Old Irish terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old Irish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old Irish u-stem adjectives",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"word": "cúng"
},
{
"lang": "Manx",
"lang_code": "gv",
"word": "coon"
},
{
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"lang_code": "gd",
"word": "cumhang"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Irish",
"lang_code": "mga",
"word": "cumang"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*komangus",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/komangus"
],
[
"cyfyng",
"cyfyng#Welsh"
],
[
"*ḱóm",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱóm"
],
[
"*h₂enǵʰ-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂enǵʰ-"
]
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂enǵʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*komangus"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *komangus",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cyfyng"
},
"expansion": "Welsh cyfyng",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ḱóm",
"4": "",
"5": "beside, near, by, with"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“beside, near, by, with”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Celtic *komangus (compare Welsh cyfyng), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“beside, near, by, with”) + *h₂enǵʰ- (“tight, painfully constricted”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sga-decl-adj-u",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "u-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "cumung",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumung",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumung",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumung",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "cumung",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "cumung",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "cumung",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumuing",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumung",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumuing",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumgae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumuing",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumung",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumuing",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumung",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumgai",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cumgai",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"feminine",
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumgai",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "cumgai",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"feminine",
"neuter",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "cumgai",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cumgai",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"feminine",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cumgaib",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "cumgaib",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "adjective",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"head": "",
"var": ""
},
"expansion": "cumung",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cumung",
"name": "sga-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cumuing",
"2": "cumga"
},
"name": "sga-decl-adj-u"
},
{
"args": {
"acc_f_sg": "cumuing",
"acc_m_pl": "cumgai",
"acc_m_sg": "cumung",
"dat_f_sg": "cumuing",
"dat_m_sg": "cumung",
"dat_n_sg": "cumung",
"dat_pl": "cumgaib",
"gen_f_sg": "cumgae",
"gen_m_sg": "cumuing",
"gen_n_sg": "cumuing",
"gen_pl": "*",
"info": "u-stem",
"nom_f_sg": "cumung",
"nom_fn_pl": "cumgai",
"nom_m_pl": "cumgai",
"nom_m_sg": "cumung",
"nom_n_sg": "cumung",
"notes": "*not attested in Old Irish; same as nominative singular masculine in Middle Irish",
"voc_m_pl": "cumgai",
"voc_m_sg": "cumung"
},
"name": "sga-decl-adj-table"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old Irish terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
7,
13
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
8,
19
]
],
"english": "You are constrained, however, in receiving those teachings.",
"text": ".i. is cumung fuirib-si immurgu occa nairitin na forcetal-sin.",
"translation": "You are constrained, however, in receiving those teachings.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
22,
29
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
14,
25
]
],
"english": "compressed or constricted (glossing Latin fixis)",
"text": ".i. tim[m]thastaib nó cumcaib",
"translation": "compressed or constricted (glossing Latin fixis)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"narrow, constricted, close, compressed, restricted, constrained"
],
"links": [
[
"narrow",
"narrow"
],
[
"constricted",
"constricted"
],
[
"close",
"close"
],
[
"compressed",
"compressed"
],
[
"restricted",
"restricted"
],
[
"constrained",
"constrained"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈku.β̃uŋɡ/"
},
{
"note": "Blasse",
"other": "[ˈku.β̃uŋɡ]"
},
{
"note": "Griffith",
"other": "[ˈku.β̃øŋɡ]"
}
],
"word": "cumung"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old Irish entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Irish non-lemma forms",
"Old Irish noun forms",
"Old Irish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"name": "nonlemma"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sga-mutation",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cumung",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"mutation",
"mutation-radical"
]
},
{
"form": "chumung",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"lenition",
"mutation"
]
},
{
"form": "cumung",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"mutation"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "noun form"
},
"expansion": "cumung",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "sga-mutation"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "cumang"
}
],
"glosses": [
"dative singular of cumang"
],
"links": [
[
"cumang",
"cumang#Old_Irish"
]
],
"tags": [
"dative",
"form-of",
"singular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈku.β̃uŋɡ/"
},
{
"note": "Blasse",
"other": "[ˈku.β̃uŋɡ]"
},
{
"note": "Griffith",
"other": "[ˈku.β̃øŋɡ]"
}
],
"word": "cumung"
}
Download raw JSONL data for cumung meaning in All languages combined (7.4kB)
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'feminine/neuter'",
"path": [
"cumung"
],
"section": "Old Irish",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "cumung",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'nasalization'",
"path": [
"cumung"
],
"section": "Old Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "cumung",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (1a05e46 and e3d6d4e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.